Kumasulira zolemba kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita mu Chifalansa (French) ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu la chinenero, kumvetsetsa mozama chikhalidwe, komanso luso lakagwiritsidwe ntchito ka galamala yosiyana kwambiri. Chichewa ndi chinenero cha m'gulu la zilankhulo za Chibantu (Bantu languages), chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) komanso kulumikiza mawu (agglutination) kuti chipereke tanthauzo. Kumbali ina, Chifalansa ndi chinenero cha Chiromance (Romance language) chomwe chili ndi galamala yokhwima, magulu awiri okha a jenda (masculine ndi feminine), komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka maverebu ogwirizana kwambiri ndi nthawi (verb conjugations). M'nkhaniyi, tiwona momwe kumasulira kumeneku kumagwirira ntchito, zovuta zomwe zimakhalapo, ndi njira zomwe zingathandize omasulira kuti agwire ntchito yapamwamba komanso yomveka bwino.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri pakumasulira Chichewa kupita m'Chifalansa ndi kusiyana kwa magulu a maina. Mu Chichewa, maina amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana (noun classes monga gulu la Mu-A, gulu la Chi-Zwi, ndi ena), ndipo magulu awa amalamulira momwe mawu ena monga zirema (adjectives), matchulidwe (pronouns), ndi zochita (verbs) zilili m'chiganizo kudzera mukugwirizana kwa prefixes. Koma mu Chifalansa, kusiyana kumeneku kulibe; maina onse amangogawika m'magulu awiri okha: amuna (masculin) kapena akazi (féminin). Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri posintha zizindikiro zakugwirizana za mu Chichewa kuti zigwirizane ndi malamulo a jenda la Chifalansa popanda kutaya tanthauzo lenileni.
Kuwonjezera apo, kapangidwe ka maverebu (verbs) mu Chichewa ndi kosiyana ndi Chifalansa. Ma verebu achichewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphatikizapo chizindikiro cha nthawi (tense marker), chizindikiro cha chinthu (object infix), komanso chizindikiro cha amene akuchita (subject prefix) mumawu amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "ndinakulemberani" ali ndi zigawo monga "ndi-" (ine), "-na-" (nthawi yapitayi), "-ku-" (inu), ndi "-lemba-" (lemba). Mu Chifalansa, lingaliro ili liyenera kumasuliridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu angapo osiyana: "Je vous ai écrit". Pamafuna chidwi kuti womasulira asaphonye chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chili mukati mwa liwu limodzi lachichewa posintha kupita mu Chifalansa.
Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi: Kutanthauzira Tanthauzo Osati Mawu
Kumasulira koyenera sikungokhala kutenga liwu ndi liwu ndi kuliika mu chinenero china. Izi ndizowona makamaka pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chifalansa, zilankhulo zomwe zili ndi mizu ya zikhalidwe zosiyana kwambiri. Chichewa chadzaza ndi miyambi, fanizo, ndi ziganizo zomwe zili ndi matanthauzo a chikhalidwe cha Chimalawi kapena Chizambiya chomwe sichipezeka n'komwe m'mayiko olankhula Chifalansa monga dziko la France, Canada, kapena Senegal.
Mwachitsanzo, mwambi wam'Chichewa monga "M'tsinje wamkati usadutse ndi ngalawa" kapena "Chala chimodzi sichiswa nsabwe" sungathe kumasuliridwa mawu ndi mawu kupita mu Chifalansa ngati "Un seul doigt ne peut pas casser un pou". Ngakhale Chifalansa chikhoza kumva mawuwo, tanthauzo la chikhalidwe silidzamveka bwino. Womasulira ayenera kupeza mwambi wofanana nawo mu Chifalansa womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofana (monga "L'union fait la force" kwa "Chala chimodzi sichiswa nsabwe") kuti owerenga a Chifalansa amvetse uthengawo mosavuta. Izi zimatchedwa "dynamic equivalence" kapena kumasulira kogwirizana ndi tanthauzo.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mawu Ofunika ndi Kukhathamiritsa kwa SEO (SEO Optimization)
Mukamasulira zolemba za pa intaneti monga ma blog kapena mawebusayiti kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chifalansa, ndikofunika kuganizira za Kukhathamiritsa kwa Makina Ofufuzira (SEO - Search Engine Optimization). Owerenga a Chifalansa amagwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyana pofufuza zinthu pa Google poyerekeza ndi owerenga a Chichewa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nkhani yachichewa ikunena za "ulendo wopita ku nyanja", womasulira sayenera kungomasulira kuti "voyage au lac", koma ayenera kufufuza mawu omwe anthu ambiri olankhula Chifalansa amawagwiritsa ntchito posaka (monga "tourisme au Malawi" kapena "destinations de voyage"). Kusunga kapezedwe kabwino ka mawu ofunikira (keywords) mu Chifalansa kumathandiza kuti nkhani yomasuliridwayo ipezeke mosavuta pa intaneti ndipo ifikire anthu ambiri.
Malangizo Othandiza Kuti Mumasulire Bwino
- Mvetsetsani Owerenga Anu (Target Audience): Chifalansa chimalankhulidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo chilankhulo cha ku France chingakhale chosiyana pang'ono ndi cha ku DRC kapena Senegal. Dziwani bwino omwe muwazolowera kuti mugwiritse ntchito mawu oyenera.
- Pewani Kumasulira ndi Makina Popanda Kukonza (Machine Translation): Zipangizo monga Google Translate nthawi zambiri zimavutika kumasulira Chichewa kupita mu Chifalansa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa deta yambiri ya Chichewa pa intaneti. Gwiritsani ntchito makina ngati chida choyambira chabe, koma ntchito yonse isamalidwe ndi munthu.
- Sinthani Nthawi za Maverebu Momveka Bwino: Mu Chichewa muli nthawi za maverebu zomwe sizipezeka mu Chifalansa, ndipo m'Chifalansa muli nthawi monga "subjonctif" kapena "passé simple" zomwe zimafuna chidziwitso chapadera. Onetsetsani kuti mukudziwa bwino momwe mungasinthire nthawi izi popanda kusintha tanthauzo la nkhani.
- Sanjani Zolemba Zanu: Mukamaliza kumasulira, werengani nkhaniyo mu Chifalansa popanda kuyang'ana zolemba zoyambirira zachichewa. Izi zimakuthandizani kuona ngati nkhaniyo ikuyenda bwino komanso ngati ikumveka ngati idalembedwa mu Chifalansa koyambirira.
Zolemba ndi Mawu Ofunikira Pakumasulira (Glossary)
Kuti omasulira akhale ndi chitsogozo chabwino, nali tebulo losonyeza mawu ena a tsiku ndi tsiku, matanthauzo awo mu Chifalansa, komanso kusanthula galamala yomwe ikukhudzidwa:
| Mawu m'Chichewa | Mawu m'Chipalansa | Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito ndi Mfundo za Galamala |
|---|---|---|
| Zikomo | Merci / Bonjour | Mu Chichewa, "zikomo" angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati othokoza kapena kulonjera. Womasulira ayenera kusankha mawu kutengera komwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. |
| Banja | Famille | Dzina mu gulu la 5 (li-ma) mu Chichewa. Mu Chifalansa ndi dzina la chikazi (la famille). |
| Kudya | Manger | Liwu la chidziwitso (infinitive). Mu Chichewa tili ndi prefix "ku-", mu Chifalansa lili ndi mapeto a "-er". |
| Madzi | Eau | Dzina mu gulu la 6 mu Chichewa. Mu Chifalansa lili ndi jenda la chikazi (l'eau / une eau) koma nthawi zambiri limakhala lopanda jenda lowonekera chifukwa limayamba ndi l' apostrophe. |
| Ndilipira | Je vais payer / Je payerai | Mu Chichewa "ndi-li-pira" ikhoza kukhala nthawi yapafupi kapena yomwe ikubwera. Mu Chifalansa ikhoza kumasuliridwa ndi "Futur Proche" kapena "Futur Simple". |
Mapeto a Ntchito ndi Kuyeza Ubwino wa Zolemba
Kumasulira kothandiza pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chifalansa ndi kofunika kwambiri m'nthawi ino yomwe mayiko akugwirizana pazamalonda, maphunziro, ndi zandale. Ngakhale pali zovuta za galamala ndi kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe, kudziwa bwino malamulo a zinenero zonsezi ndi kuphunzira kosalekeza kumatsimikizira kuti womasulira apereke ntchito yabwino. Omasulira akuyenera kupitiriza kufufuza ndi kukhala ndi mindandanda ya mawu (glossaries) pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti matanthauzo asatayike ndipo owerenga amve uthenga momwe udasinthidwira.