Kukula kwa kulumikizana kwa mayiko pa nkhani za malonda, maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi chitukuko kwachititsa kuti kumasulira zilankhulo kukhale chida chofunikira kwambiri masiku ano. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikufunika kwambiri ndi kumasulira pakati pa Chichewa (chilankhulo chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi komanso m'madera ena a Zambia, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe) ndi Chihindi (chilankhulo chodziwika bwino komanso chovomerezeka cha dziko la India). Ngakhale zilankhulo izi zilibe chibadwa kapena mbiri yofanana ya kagonekedwe ka mawu, kumasulira koyenera kumathandiza kukhazikitsa ubale wabwino ndi kumvana pakati pa anthu a zikhalidwe izi ziwiri.
Kusiyana kwa Mafuko a Zilankhulo ndi Kapangidwe Kake
Kuti womasulira azitha kugwira bwino ntchito yake, choyamba ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti Chichewa ndi Chihindi ndi zilankhulo zomwe zimachokera m'mafuko osiyana kotheratu. Chichewa ndi chilankhulo cha m'fuko la Bantu (Niger-Congo), chomwe chimadziwika ndi kapangidwe kake kamamatidwe ka mawu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawu amodzi akhoza kukhala ndi mizu, zosonyeza nthawi, mgwirizano wa magulu a maina, ndi zolinga ena pamodzi.
Koma Chihindi ndi chilankhulo cha m'fuko la Indo-Aryan (Indo-European). Galamala yake ndi yosiyana kwambiri chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira mawu (inflectional) komanso ili ndi galamala yowoneka ngati yodziyimira payokha (analytic elements). Kusiyana kumeneku kumabweretsa zovuta zingapo pakumasulira zomwe zimafuna luso ndi chidziwitso chozama chamalamulo a zilankhulo zonse ziwiri.
Dongosolo la Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo: SVO ndi SOV
Mmodzi mwa osiyana kwambiri pakati pa zilankhulozi ndi momwe ziganizo zimapangidwira. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Mu Chichewa timati:
Bambo (Subject) amawerenga (Verb) nyuzipepala (Object).
Koma Chihindi chimatsatira dongosolo la Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Womasulira akamasulira chiganizo ichi kupita mu Chihindi, dongosololi liyenera kusintha kwathunthu kuti likhale:
Bambo (Subject) nyuzipepala (Object) amawerenga (Verb).
Mu zilembo za Chihindi, izi zimawoneka motere: पिता जी अख़बार पढ़ते हैं (Pita ji akhbar padhte hain).
Ngati womasulira atsatira kapangidwe ka chiganizo cha Chichewa popanda kusintha dongosololi mu Chihindi, chiganizacho chikhala chachilendo komanso chopanda tanthauzo lililonse kwa olankhula Chihindi. Izi zimafuna kuti womasulira azindikire mbali zonse za chiganizo asanambemo kumasulira.
Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes) vs. Mtundu wa Galamala (Grammatical Gender)
Mu Chichewa, maina amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana okwana pafupifupi 18. Magulu amenewa amatsimikizira mgwirizano wa zilembo monga ma prefix a verebu, ma pronoun, ndi ma adjective mu chiganizo. Mwachitsanzo, mu chiganizo choti "Chitsime chathu chapsa", tsatanetsatane wa "chitsime" (gulu la Chi-Zhi) amatsogolera chilembo "ch-" paziganizo zina zonse.
Kumbali ya Chihindi, palibe magulu a maina oterewa. M'malo mwake, Chihindi chimagawira maina onse m'magulu a amuna (masculine) kapena akazi (feminine). Palibe mtundu wapakati (neuter). Zinthu zonse zopanda moyo, monga madzi, mipando, mphepo, ndi mabuku, zili ndi mtundu wake wa galamala. Mwachitsanzo, "buku" (kitab) ndi lachikazi, pomwe "tebulo" (mez) lilinso lachikazi, koma "chipinda" (kamra) ndi lachimuna. Mgwirizano wa maverebu ndi ma adjective mu Chihindi umasintha kutengera mtundu wa dzina limeneli ndi chiwerengero chake. Womasulira Chichewa kupita ku Chihindi akuyenera kudziwa mtundu wa dzina lililonse la Chihindi kuti athe kupanga verebu loyenera.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Prepositions ndi Ma Postpositions
Kusiyana kwina kofunika kuli pa mawu olumikizira malo ndi zochitika. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito ma prepositions, omwe amayikidwa patsogolo pa dzina. Mwachitsanzo, "pansi pa mtengo" kapena "m'nyumba mwa bambo".
Chihindi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma postpositions (mawu omwe amayikidwa pambuyo pa dzina). Mwachitsanzo, "mtengo pansi pa" (पेड़ के नीचे - ped ke neeche) kapena "nyumba mkati" (घर में - ghar mein). Zikuwonekeranso kuti dzina likatsatiridwa ndi postposition mu Chihindi, limasinthiratu mawonekedwe ake kupita ku Oblique Case (mwachitsanzo, "ladka" - mnyamata imasinthira kukhala "ladke ko" - kwa mnyamata, chifukwa cha postposition "ko"). Omasulira akuyenera kukhala odziwa bwino malamulowa kuti apewe zolakwika zofala za galamala.
Miyambi, Mafotokozedwe a Chikhalidwe, ndi Kusamutsa Tanthauzo (Transcreation)
Zilankhulo zonse ziwirizi zili ndi zikhalidwe zozama zomwe zimawonekera mu miyambi ndi njira zoyankhulira. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi yotengera moyo wa kumudzi, ulimi, nyama, ndi mayendedwe a anthu m'madera a ku Africa. Chihindi nachonso chili ndi miyambi ndi mawu ophiphiritsa omwe amatsamira pa mbiri yakale, mabuku a chipembedzo cha Chihindu, ndi chikhalidwe cha ku India.
Kumasulira miyambi monga "Mtsinje wamkulu umadzazidwa ndi timitsinje tating'ono" sikuyenera kuchitika mawu ndi mawu. Womasulira akuyenera kupeza mwambi wofana nawo mu Chihindi womwe uli ndi uthenga womwewo (monga mwambi wa Chihindi wakuti: बूँद-बूँद से घट भरता है - Boond-boond se ghat bharta hai, womwe umatanthauza kuti "dontho ndi dontho limadzaza mtsuko"). Izi zimafuna luso lowonjezera la transcreation m'malo momasulira wamba.
Komanso, Chihindi chimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mawu osonyeza ulemu (honorifics). Mu Chichewa, timsonyeza ulemu pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a mu gulu la 'A' kapena zilembo za ulemu monga "a-". Mu Chihindi, izi zimafanana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito liwu lakuti "ji" pambuyo pa dzina la munthu (mwachitsanzo, "baba-ji" kapena "Pita-ji") ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "aap" (inu) ndi maverebu osonyeza ulemu monga "kijiye" (chitani chonde).
Matchulidwe a Mawu ndi Zilembo (Phonetics and Scripts)
Chifukwa chakuti Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Latin pomwe Chihindi chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Devanagari, kusamutsa maina a anthu ndi malo kumabweretsa zovuta zambiri. Chilankhulo cha Chihindi chili ndi phokoso losiyanasiyana lomwe mulibe mu Chichewa, monga zilembo zotulutsidwa potembenuza lilime (retroflex consonants - ट, ठ, ड, ढ) ndi zilembo zotulutsidwa ndi mpweya wamphamvu (aspirated consonants - ख, घ, छ, झ). Chichewa chilinso ndi matchulidwe ake monga "ng'" kapena "dz" ndi "ts". Womasulira akuyenera kulembedwa maina ndi mawu amenewa mosamala pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolembera matchulidwe (phonetic transliteration) kuti matchulidwe asokonekere kwambiri.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chihindi
Kuti mutulutse ntchito yomasulira yapamwamba kwambiri komanso yomveka bwino, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Pezani Nkhani Yonsene: Nthawi zonse muzimvetsetsa bwino nkhani yonse ya chikalatacho musanayambe kumasulira chiganizo choyamba. Izi zimakuthandizani kusankha mawu oyenera a Chihindi potengera mtundu wa uthengawo.
- Tsatirani Malamulo a Galamala ya Chihindi: Musayesere kusunga dongosolo la Chichewa mu Chihindi. Sinthani nthawi zonse kuchokera ku SVO kupita ku SOV, ndipo wonesesani kuti maverebu akugwirizana ndi mtundu ndi chiwerengero cha maina.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Dikishonare Bwino: Osadalira dikishonare limodzi. Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare ogwirizana ndi nkhani zapadera (monga zamankhwala kapena tekinoloje) kuti mutsimikizire tanthauzo loyenera la mawu asayansi ndi makina.
- Dziwani Kusiyana kwa Mawu a Chihindi: Chihindi chili ndi mawu ochokera ku Sanskrit (Tatsam) omwe amagwirizana kwambiri m'mabuku a boma ndi zamalamulo, komanso mawu ochokera ku Chiperesiya ndi Chiarabu (Tadbhaw kapena Urdu-mixed) omwe amalankhulidwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Sankhani mtundu woyenera kutengera omwe mukuwalembera.
- Werengani ndi Kukonza Zolakwika (Proofreading): Pambuyo pokonza kumasulira kwanu, lolani womasulira wina yemwe amalankhula Chihindi monga chilankhulo chake choyamba kuti awunikire ntchito yanu. Izi zitsimikizira kuti mawu anu akuyenda bwino komanso akumveka bwino.
Kutsatira njira izi ndikumvetsetsa mozama kusiyana kwa malamulo a zilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chihindi ndiko kofunika kwambiri kuti mutulutse ntchito yomasulira yomwe ndi yolondola, yomveka bwino, komanso yoyenera kwa owerenga anu.