Kumasulira mawu kapena zolemba kuchokera m'chiyankhulo cha Chichewa kupita m'chiyankhulo cha Chiamharic (Amharic) ndi ntchito yomwe imafunika luso lalikulu, chidziwitso chozama cha galamala, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino chikhalidwe cha mayiko awiriwa. Chichewa ndi chiyankhulo cha m'banja la zilankhulo za Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe. Kumbali ina, Chiamharic ndi chiyankhulo cha m'banja la zilankhulo za Semitic chomwe ndi chiyankhulo chovomerezeka cha dziko la Ethiopia. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mabanja a zilankhulowa kumapanga zovuta zapadera zomwe omasulira ayenera kuzidziwa ndi kuzigonjetsa kuti athe kupereka zomasulira zolondola komanso zomveka bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
Dongosolo la Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakumasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chiamharic ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, dongosolo la ziganizo nthawi zambiri limatsatira ndondomeko ya Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Mwachitsanzo, titha kunena kuti: "Mwana (Subject) akudya (Verb) mpunga (Object)." Komabe, mu Chiamharic, dongosololi limasintha kotheratu kukhala Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Mu chitsanzo chomwechi, Chiamharic chimanena kuti: "Mwana mpunga akudya" (ልጁ ሩዝ እየበላ ነው - Liju ruz iyebela new).
Kusiyana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti womasulira sangangotenga mawu ndi kuwayika momwe alili m'chiyankhulo choyambirira. Pamafunika kusintha kapangidwe kense ka chiganizo m'mutu mwake asanalembe. Womasulira wosadziwa bwino ndondomeko imeneyi akhoza kupanga ziganizo zomwe sizikumveka bwino kapena zomwe zili ndi zolakwika zambiri za galamala mu Chiamharic, zomwe zingalepheretse uthenga kufika mwaubwino.
Magulu a Maina ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mawu
Chichewa chimadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha magulu a maina (Noun Classes). Chilichose chomwe chili m'chiganizo chiyenera kugwirizana ndi gulu la dzina lomwe likutchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wa pachilongosolo (concordial agreement) umakhudza maverebu, maulere, ndi zosonyeza. Mu Chiamharic, dongosololi ndilosiyana kwambiri. M'malo mwake, Chiamharic chimagwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wozikidwa pa jenda (gender) kapena unyinji/umodzi (number).
Maina mu Chiamharic akhoza kukhala a chachikazi (feminine) kapena chachimuna (masculine), ndipo izi zimasintha kalembedwe ka maverebu ndi ma adjekitivu. Choncho, posinthitsa kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chiamharic, womasulira ayenera kusiya kulingalira za magulu a maina a Chichewa (monga mu-wa, chi-zi, ndi zina) ndikuyamba kulowetsa malingaliro a jenda mu Chiamharic kuti ziganizo zake zikhale zovomerezeka komanso zachilengedwe kwa olankhula Chiamharic.
Kusiyanitsa Maumboni ndi Milingo ya Ulemu
Chinthu chinanso chofunikira kwambiri pa Chiamharic ndi magwiridwe antchito a milingo ya ulemu kapena kapezedwe ka ulemu polankhula (polite registers). Mu Chichewa, ulemu umawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito unyinji (plural forms), monga ketchulo ya munthu m'modzi pogwiritsa ntchito "inuyo" kapena kuwonjezera mawu oyenera monga "bambo" kapena "mayi". Komabe, mu Chiamharic, mulingo wa ulemu ndi wotsogola kwambiri ndipo uli ndi maverebu enieni ndi mamolekyu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhula kwa akuluakulu kapena anthu olemekezeka.
Mwachitsanzo, pali kusiyana pakati polankhula ndi mwamuna, mkazi, kapena munthu wolemekezeka kwambiri (erswo). Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira Chichewa kupita ku Chiamharic ayenera kudziwa bwino yemwe akuwerenga chikalatacho kapena yemwe akutchulidwa m'chikalatacho kuti asankhe mulingo woyenera wa ulemu. Kulakwitsa pa mbali imeneyi kukhoza kuwoneka ngati mwano kapena kusamala kochepa pa chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Ethiopia, zomwe zitha kusokoneza ubale wamabizinesi kapena mayiko.
Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito ka Zilembo: Chilatini ndi Ge'ez
Vuto lina lowonekera bwino ndilo kulembedwa kwa zilankhulowa. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chilatini (Latin alphabet), zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa zilankhulo ngati Chingerezi. Koma Chiamharic chimalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zapadera zotchedwa Fidel kapena zilembo za Ge'ez. Iyi ndi dongosolo la zilembo lomwe limayimira silabo (abugida), komwe chilembo chilichonse chimakhala ndi kapezedwe ka mawu a konsonanti ndi vawelo ogwirizana.
- Kusinthana kwa mawu: Popeza mayankhulo awiriwa amagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zosiyana kwambiri, omasulira ayenera kudziwa bwino momwe mawu ena a Chichewa, makamaka maina a anthu kapena malo, angalembedwere mu Chiamharic popanda kusintha katchulidwe kake.
- Tekinoloji ndi Mafonti: Pak usindikiza zolemba, womasulira ayenera kukhala ndi mapulogalamu omwe amathandizira mafonti a Ge'ez kuti athe kulemba bwino Chiamharic pa kompyuta kapena zipangizo zamakono. Izi zimafunanso kuyika makiyibodi apadera pa chipangizo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Miyambo, Chikhalidwe, ndi Mafotokozedwe a m'Chichewa ndi m'Chiamharic
Chilankhulo ndi chonyamula chikhalidwe. Pali mawu ambiri achikhalidwe m'Chichewa omwe alibe mawu achindunji mu Chiamharic, komanso mosemphana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, mawu okhudza zakudya zamakolo monga "nsima" kapena "mponda" sangamasulidwe molunjika mu Chiamharic. Momwemonso, zakudya za ku Ethiopia monga "injera" kapena "wat" sizingamasulidwe molunjika m'Chichewa popanda kufotokoza tanthauzo lake.
Kuti womasulira apambane, nthawi zambiri amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa transcreation kapena kufotokoza pang'ono m'mawu ena (paraphrasing). Izi zimathandiza kuti wowerenga a Chiamharic amvetse bwino tanthauzo lomwe linali m'Chichewa popanda kusokonezeka ndi zikhalidwe zomwe sakuzidziwa. Kumasulira kwabwino sikumangotanthauza kumasulira mawu okha, koma kumasulira tanthauzo ndi cholinga cha zolembazo.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa kupita m'Chiamharic
Kuti muthe kuchita ntchito yomasulira ya mtengo wapatali ndi kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Mvetsetsani Cholinga cha Wolemba: Musanayambe kumasulira, werengani chikalata chonse cha Chichewa kuti mumvetse uthenga womwe wolembayo akufuna kupeleka, komanso kamvekedwe kake (tone).
- Phunzirani Zolemba za Ge'ez: Musadzikhutiritse ndi kudziwa kulankhula Chiamharic kokha; khalani katswiri powerenga ndi kulemba zilembo za Ge'ez kuti mupewe zolakwika pakulemba zomwe zingasinthe tanthauzo la mawu.
- Pangani Kafukufuku wa Chikhalidwe: Dziwani bwino miyambo ndi njira zolankhulira za anthu a ku Ethiopia ndi a ku Malawi kuti muthe kumasulira ziganizo zophiphiritsira (idioms) moyenera.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Dikishonare Yodalirika: Nthawi zonse muzikhala ndi madikishonare ogwirizana kapena magwero a pa intaneti omwe angakuthandizeni kupeza mawu oyenera ndi odalirika.
- Werenganinso Ntchito Yanu: Mukamaliza kumasulira, werenganinso chikalata chonse cha Chiamharic kuti muwonetsetse kuti chikuyenda bwino ngati chinalembedwa mwachilengedwe m'chiyankhulochopo, ndipo chitani izi mothandizidwa ndi olankhula chiyankhulochi ngati n'kotheka.
Chidule cha Ndondomeko Yomasulira
Kumasulira Chichewa kupita m'Chiamharic ndi chida chofunika kwambiri chogwirizanitsira anthu a m'magawo osiyana a mu Africa, makamaka pamene ubale wamalonda ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zikukulirakulira. Pozindikira kusiyana kwa galamala, kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo moyenera, komanso kulemekeza kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe, omasulira amatha kupereka zikalata zomwe sizimangotanthauzira mawu okha, koma zimalumikizanso mitima ndi maganizo a anthu ochokera m'madera awiriwa.