Kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulo zamagulu osiyanasiyana nthawi zonse kumabweretsa zovuta komanso mwayi wapadera. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chilankhulo cha m’banja la zilankhulo za Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, komanso Chikatalani (Catalan), chilankhulo cha Chiromance (Romance) chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Catalonia, Andorra, ndi mbali zina za Spain, zili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mozama za njira, zovuta, ndi malangizo othandiza pakumasulira zolemba kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chikatalani.
Kufunika kwa Kumasulira Zilankhulo Izi Pakali Pano
M’dziko lamasiku ano limene mayiko akulumikizana kwambiri pa nkhani za malonda, maphunziro, ndi zokopa alendo, kumasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chikatalani kukukulirakulira. Anthu ambiri olankhula Chikatalani ali ndi chidwi chofufuza ndi kumvetsetsa zikhalidwe za ku Africa, makamaka dera la kumwera kwa Africa kumene Chichewa chimalankhulidwa. Kumasulira kothandiza kumathandiza kutsegula milatho ya mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ochokera m'madera a Catalonia ndi mayiko a m'dera la Nyanja. Kuti izi zitheke, omasulira ayenera kukhala ndi luso lowona patali kuposa kungosintha mawu chabe, koma kumvetsetsa mzimu wa chilankhulo chilichonse.
Kusiyana kwa Mapangidwe a Galamala ndi Chiganizo
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo ndi kusiyana kothawirako pakati pa galamala ya Chichewa ndi ya Chikatalani. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la magulu a maina (noun classes). Magulu amenewa amatsogolera mgwirizano wa matchulidwe (agreement concords) mu ziganizo zonse, kuphatikizapo ziwonjezero pa maverebu, maulamuliro a ziganizo, ndi maumboni ena. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "munthu" (gulu la 1) ali ndi mgwirizano wosiyana kwambiri ndi mawu oti "chinthu" (gulu la 7).
Kumbali ena, Chikatalani chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la jenda lamagulu awiri: yachimuna (masculine) ndi yachikazi (feminine), limodzi ndi mgwirizano wa unyinji kapena umodzi. M’malo mwa magulu a maina, Chikatalani chimadalira kwambiri maere (articles) monga el, la, els, ndi les. Potanthauzira, womasulira ayenera kusintha magulu a maina a Chichewa n’kuwayika mu jenda yoyenera ya Chikatalani popanda kutaya tanthauzo loyambirira.
Kusiyana kwina kuli pa maverebu. Maverebu a Chichewa ndi ogwirizana kwambiri (agglutinative), pomwe verebu limodzi limatha kukhala ndi chizindikiro cha chinthu, nthawi, ndi m'mene zinthu zilili. Mwachitsanzo, "ndidzakulemberani" ili ndi zigawo monga "ndi-" (ine), "-dza-" (nthawi yakutsogolo), "-ku-" (inu), "-lemba" (chinthu chenicheni), ndi "-ni" (ulemu). Mu Chikatalani, izi zimasinthidwa kukhala chiganizo chokhala ndi mawu angapo: us escriuré kapena les escriuré a vostès. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kukhala wosamala kwambiri posintha mawu ogwirizana kukhala mawu odziyimira pawokha popanda kusokoneza nthawi kapena ulemu wa chiganizocho.
Kusamutsa Miyambi ndi Chikhalidwe m’Zomasulira
Chikhalidwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chilankhulo chilichonse. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi yochuluka yomwe imsonyeza nzeru za anthu a m’derali, monga "Mwana wa mphenzi satha kulira ngati mphenzi isanalire". Mukatanthauzira mawu amenewa mwachindunji mu Chikatalani (monga: El fill del llamp no plora abans que troni), tanthauzo lake lenileni likhoza kusoweka kapena kumveka kwachilendo kwa owerenga a ku Catalonia.
Pankhaniyi, womasulira waluso ayenera kufunafuna mwambi wofanana nawo mu Chikatalani kapena kufotokoza tanthauzo lake m’njira yomveka bwino malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha Chikatalani. Izi zimatchedwa "transcreation" (kumasulira kopanga nzeru). Cholinga chachikulu chiyenera kukhala kuonetsetsa kuti owerenga a Chikatalani amve zotsatira zomwezo zomwe owerenga a Chichewa amamva akawerenga cholembedwacho poyamba.
Mayendedwe a Mawu ndi Kusamalira Kalembedwe
Posintha zolemba kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chikatalani, m'pofunika kuganizira za kamvedwe ndi mayendedwe a chilankhulo (register and flow). Chikatalani chili ndi mbiri yayitali ya zolemba zamalamulo, zamaphunziro, ndi zolemba zaluso, ndipo chimakhala ndi kalembedwe kake kotsatirika. Chichewa, ngakhale chili ndi zolemba zambiri zamakono, chimadalirabe kwambiri kamvedwe kofotokozera kudzera pakuyankhula komanso kukhudzika kwa mawu a mbiri yakale.
Pofuna kumasulira zolemba zapamwamba monga nkhani za umisiri, mabuku, kapena malonda, womasulira ayenera:
- Kupanga dikishonare ya mawu: Kusunga mndandanda wa mawu amene asankhidwa pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti pali mgwirizano m'nkhani yonse.
- Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya Chikatalani: Chikatalani chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Barcelona (Central Catalan) chimasiyana pang'ono ndi cha ku Valencia kapena kuzilumba za Balearic. Womasulira ayenera kudziwa omwe adzalandire uthengawo kuti agwiritse ntchito mawu oyenera.
- Kupewa kumasulira kwa pa kompyuta kosawunikidwa: Makina amakono a kumasulira (monga Google Translate kapena DeepL) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zolakwika zambiri pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chikatalani chifukwa chosowa deta yokwanira pakati pa zilankhulo izi. Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru za munthu n'kofunika kwambiri.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakugwira Ntchito Yomasulira
Kuti ntchito yomasulira Chichewa kupita mu Chikatalani ikhale yabwino komanso yogwira mtima, tsatirani njira izi:
- Werengani nkhani yonse choyamba: Musanayambe kumasulira, werengani cholembedwa chonse cha Chichewa kuti mumvetsetse nkhani yonse, cholinga chake, ndi m'mene wolemba woyamba ankamvera.
- Ganizirani dongosolo la chiganizo (Syntax): Mu Chikatalani, ziganizo zimatha kukhala zazitali komanso zotsutsa kuposa mu Chichewa. Yesetsani kugawa ziganizo zazitali za Chichewa kukhala zosavuta kumva mu Chikatalani ngati kuli kofunikira, kapena kuphatikiza zochepa kuti pakhale kamvedwe katsopano.
- Kufunsira kwa akatswiri achilankhulo: Nthawi zonse pamakhala mawu kapena mawu amene angakhale ovuta. Kulumikizana ndi anthu olankhula Chikatalani monga chilankhulo chawo choyamba kapena akatswiri a Chichewa kungathandize kuthetsa kusamvetsetsana.
- Kuwunika kofalitsidwa: Ntchito yomasulira ikatha, cholembedwacho chiyenera kupita kwa munthu wina kuti akachiwerenge n’cholinga chofufuza zolakwika za kalembedwe komanso galamala ya Chikatalani.
Chitsanzo cha Kusintha kwa Mawu Ofunika
Kuti timvetse bwino momwe kusinthaku kumagwirira ntchito, nawa zitsanzo za mawu wamba:
- "Moni" - Izi zimasinthidwa kukhala Hola kapena Bon dia (kutengera nthawi ya tsiku).
- "Zikomo" - Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Gràcies kapena Moltes gràcies.
- "Tikulandirani" - Izi zimasinthidwa kukhala Benvinguts.
- "Dzikoli lili ndi anthu abwino" - Mu Chikatalani zitha kukhala Aquest país té bona gent.
Kutsatira njira ndi malangizo ameneŵa kudzathandiza kuti ntchito yanu yomasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chikatalani ikhale yopambana, yolemekezeka, komanso yothandiza kwambiri pofalitsa uthenga wofunika pakati pa zilankhulo ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri zabwinozi.