Kumasulira malingaliro ndi zolemba kuchokera m'Chichewa, chomwe ndi chinenero chachikulu cha anthu a m'maiko a Malawi, Mozambique, ndi Zambia, kupita mu Chitaliyana (Italiano), chinenero chodziwika bwino cha ku Ulaya, ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu komanso kumvetsetsa kozama kwa chikhalidwe ndi galamala. Zinenero ziwirizi zili ndi mizu yosiyana kwambiri; Chichewa ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Bantu, pomwe Chitaliyana ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Indo-European (Romance). Kusiyana kumeneku kumabweretsa zovuta ndi mwayi wapadera kwa omasulira omwe akufuna kufalitsa uthenga molondola komanso momveka bwino pa intaneti komanso m'zikalata zapadera.
Kusanthula Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chitaliyana ndi kapangidwe kake ka galamala. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la magulu a maina (noun classes), komwe maina amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo (monga anthu, zinthu, kapena malo). Gulu lililonse lili ndi chizindikiro chake chomwe chimagwirizanitsa mawu ena monga zilembo zoyambirira (prefixes) pa zochita (verbs) ndi zotanthauzira (adjectives). Izi zikutanthauza kuti kumasulira chiganizo chosavuta kumafuna chidwi chachikulu pa mgwirizano wa mawu ndi magulu a maina oyenerera.
Kumbali ina, Chitaliyana chili ndi dongosolo la jenda (gender) komwe maina onse amagawidwa kukhala amwamuna (maschile) kapena achikazi (femminile). Mosiyana ndi Chichewa chomwe chili ndi magulu opitilira khumi, Chitaliyana chili ndi magulu awiri okha a jenda, koma chimafunanso mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa dzina, chiremberi cham'mbuyo (article), ndi chotanthauzira (adjective). Katswiri womasulira ayenera kudziwa njira yosinthira mgwirizano wa magulu a maina a Chichewa kupita pa dongosolo la jenda la Chitaliyana popanda kutaya tanthauzo kapena kukoma kwa chiganizo choyambirira.
Kupatula apo, mayendedwe a ziganizo amasiyananso kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti zinenero ziwirizi zimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), Chitaliyana chili ndi ufulu wochuluka pa kasungidwe ka mawu mu chiganizo (flexible word order). Mwachitsanzo, mu Chitaliyana, nthawi zambiri munthu wochita chinthu (subject pronoun) akhoza kusiyidwa chifukwa zochita (conjugated verbs) zimasonyeza kale kuti ndi ndani yemwe akuchita zochitazo. Koma mu Chichewa, ngakhale dzina silitchulidwe, chiganizo chimafunabe chizindikiro chosonyeza wochita (subject concord) cholumikizidwa ku verebu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti omasulira azisamala kwambiri posintha mawonekedwe a verebu kuti asasokoneze omvera.
Nthawi za Machitidwe ndi Kaimidwe ka Zochita
Kusiyana kwina kofunika kuli pa nkhani ya nthawi (tenses) ndi kaimidwe ka zochita (verb aspects). Chichewa chili ndi njira zambiri zosonyezera nthawi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi momwe chinthu chikuchitikira kapena momwe chachitikira, monga nthawi yaposachedwa (recent past) ndi nthawi yakutali (remote past). Zinthu ngati izi zikamasuliridwa mu Chitaliyana, zimafuna kusankha bwino pakati pa "passato prossimo" (nthawi yaposachedwa yomwe ili ndi zotsatira mpaka pano) ndi "passato remoto" (nthawi yakutali yomwe yatha kotheratu).
Kuphatikiza apo, Chitaliyana chimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kaimidwe kofotokozera (subjunctive mood kapena "congiuntivo") posonyeza zikhumbo, zokayikitsa, kapena malingaliro amunthu. Mu Chichewa, kaimidwe koteroko nthawi zambiri kamasonyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu enaake a chithandizo kapena kusintha kamvekedwe ka mawu kapena mawu olumikiza ngati "kuti". Choncho, womasulira ayenera kukhala tcheru kuti asataye kamvekedwe kochenjera kameneka polowetsa mawu mu Chitaliyana, makamaka m'zolemba za ndale, mabuku a nkhani, kapena zokambirana zamphamvu.
Kugwirizana kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi
Kumasulira sikungosinthana mawu okha; ndi mlatho wolumikiza zikhalidwe zosiyana. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi yochuluka komanso mawu a nzeru omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa kumudzi, ulimi, ndi maubale a anthu mu Africa. Chitaliyana nachonso chili ndi miyambi yomwe inachokera ku mbiri yakale ya Chiroma (Roman history), Chikhristu, ndi moyo wa ku Ulaya.
Pamene womasulira akukumana ndi mwambi wa Chichewa monga "M'mawa m'mawa sakuchedwetsa woyenda," sangathe kuwumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal translation) mu Chitaliyana chifukwa sizingakhale ndi tanthauzo kwa Mtaliyana. M'malo mwake, womasulira ayenera kupeza mwambi wofanana nawo m'Chitaliyana womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofana, monga "Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca" (kutanthauza kuti m'mawa muli golide pakamwa, kapena kuti kudzuka m'mawa kumabweretsa chipambano). Izi zimatchedwa "transcreation" kapena kumasulira kofananitsa chikhalidwe ndipo ndiye mzati waukulu wa kumasulira kwa katswiri.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita mu Chitaliyana
Kuti mutsimikizire kuti kumasulira kwanu kuli kwapamwamba komanso kuli ndi khalidwe la katswiri, tsatirani malangizo otsatirawa:
- Mvetsetsani Nkhani Yonsene (Context): Musanayambe kumasulira mawu aliyense, werengani chikalata chonse kuti mumvetse cholinga cha mlembi, omvera ake, ndi kamvekedwe ka zolemba (tone). Izi zimathandiza kusankha mawu oyenera omwe adzagwire mtima owerenga.
- Samalirani Kulemekeza Anthu: Mu Chichewa, timagwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza ulemu monga "inu" kapena kuwonjezera "a-" patsogolo pa dzina la munthu. Mu Chitaliyana, ulemu umasonyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Lei" (inu) m'malo mwa "tu" (iwe). Onetsetsani kuti mwasankha mulingo woyenera wa ulemu malinga ndi omwe akuwerenga zolembazo kuti mupewe chipongwe kapena kusalumikizana bwino.
- Pangani Zofufuza pa Mawu Osonyeza Chikhalidwe: Mawu ena a Chichewa monga "nsima", "chitenje", kapena "gule wamkulu" alibe mawu ofanana nawo achindunji mu Chitaliyana. Pankhaniyi, mungathe kusunga mawu achichewawo ndipo kenako nkufotokoza pang'ono m'Chitaliyana (monga pogwiritsa ntchito mawu am'mbali kapena m'mawu a m'munsi mwa tsamba). Izi zimathandiza owerenga a ku Italy kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha ku Malawi popanda kusokoneza nkhaniyo.
- Konzani ndi Kuwerenganso (Proofreading): Mukamaliza kumasulira, werengani zolemba zanu m'Chitaliyana kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikuyenda bwino ngati kuti zinalembedwa m'Chitaliyana kuyambira pachiyambi. Ndibwino kuti munthu wina amene chinenero chake choyamba ndi Chitaliyana awonenso zolemba zanu kuti asinthe mawu omwe akumveka achilendo kapena osagwirizana ndi kalembedwe kabwino.
Zida Zamakono Othandizira Omasulira
Masiku ano, pali zida zambiri zamakono zomwe omasulira angagwiritse ntchito kuti achepetse nthawi komanso kukulitsa zotulukapo zawo. Zida ngati SDL Trados, MemoQ, kapena matanthauzo apakompyuta (online dictionaries) monga Glosbe ndi zothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito zoterezi. Komabe, chifukwa choti Chichewa ndi chimodzi mwa zinenero zomwe zilibe zida zambiri pa intaneti (low-resource languages) poyerekeza ndi Chitaliyana, makina omasulira monga Google Translate kapena DeepL nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa kwambiri pa ziganizo zovuta za Chichewa.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti kudalira makina okha sikutha kupereka zotsatira zolondola komanso zogwira mtima. Udindo wa katswiri wamasulira weniweni ndi wofunika kwambiri chifukwa makina sangathe kuzindikira malingaliro a chikhalidwe kapena kumasulira malingaliro a ulemu ndi miyambi m'njira yoyenera. Womasulira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina ngati chida chongothandizira wamba, koma nkhani yomaliza igone pa nzeru, chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe, ndi kumvetsetsa kwake kwathunthu kwa zinenero ziwirizi.
Udindo wa Omasulira Pakati pa Malawi ndi Italy
Kumasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chitaliyana kumathandizira kwambiri pa nkhani za chitukuko, umodzi wa mipingo, zokopa alendo, ndi malonda. Mabungwe ambiri othandizira ochokera ku Italy amagwira ntchito m'maiko ngati Malawi, chifukwa chake kumasulira malipoti, mabuku ophunzitsira, ndi zikalata za boma ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kumvetsetsana kwabwino. Mwa kutsatira njira ndi malangizo omwe ali pamwambapa, omasulira amatha kuonetsetsa kuti mauthenga awo ali odalirika komanso ogwira mtima polumikiza anthu a zikhalidwe ziwirizi popanda kulephera kulikonse.