Kutanthauzira pakati pa zilankhulo ziwiri zomwe sizikugwirizana m'mbiri kapena chigawo cha dziko lapansi nthawi zonse kumabweretsa zovuta zambiri. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mukamasulira Chichewa, chilankhulo cha m'banja la zilankhulo za Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi mbali zina za Mozambique, kupita ku Chijapani (Japanese), chilankhulo cha m'banja la Japonic chomwe chimadziwika ndi kalembedwe kake kotsogola komanso chikhalidwe chake chapadera. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mozama za ndondomeko, kusiyana kwakukulu, komanso njira zabwino zomwe omasulira angagwiritse ntchito kuti athe kupereka uthenga wolondola komanso womveka bwino kwa olankhula Chijapani.
Kusiyana Padongosolo la Ziganizo (Syntax ndi Magalamala)
Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu zomwe wotanthauzira amakumana nazo ndi kusiyana kwa dongosolo la ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, dongosolo lathu lofala ndi Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Mwachitsanzo, mukati 'Mphunzitsi akuwerenga buku', 'Mphunzitsi' ndiye Subject (Chinthu chomwe chikuchita), 'akuwerenga' ndi Verb (Chochita), ndipo 'buku' ndi Object (Chinthu chomwe chikuchitidwapo). Komabe, mu Chijapani, dongosololi limasintha kukhala Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Chiganizo chomwechi chingalembedwe kuti 'Mphunzitsi buku akuwerenga' (先生が本を読んでいます - Sensei ga hon o yonde imasu).
Kusiyana kumeneku kukutanthauza kuti wotanthauzira sangathe kumasulira mawu ndi mawu motsatizana. Pamafunika kusintha ndondomeko yonse ya maganizo m'mutu asanayambe kulemba chiganizo m'Chijapani. Mukamasulira kuchokera ku Chichewa, muyenera kudziwa choyamba kuti zochita (verbs) zidzapezeka kumapeto kwa chiganizo cha Chijapani, ndipo izi zimafuna luso lalikulu lotha kukumbukira ndi kukonza ziganizo zazitali popanda kutaya tanthauzo lake lenileni.
Miyambo ndi Ulemu mu Zilankhulo Zosiyana (Keigo vs Ulemu wa Chichewa)
Chikhalidwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakutanthauzira. Zilankhulo zonsezi, Chichewa ndi Chijapani, zimalemekeza kwambiri ulemu komanso maubwenzi pakati pa anthu, koma zimachita izi m'njira zosiyana kwambiri. M'Chichewa, timagwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe a ulemu monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a m'gulu la anthu ambiri (monga 'A-' patsogolo pa dzina kapena mawu oti 'inu' mmalo mwa 'iwe') potchula anthu aakulu kapena olemekezeka. Mwachitsanzo, timati 'Bambo apita' kapena 'Mayi akudya' posonyeza ulemu waukulu.
Kumbali ya Chijapani, pali dongosolo lalikulu komanso lovuta kwambiri la ulemu lotchedwa 'Keigo'. Keigo imagawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: 'Sonkeigo' (polankhula za zochita za ena omwe ali pamwamba pathu), 'Kenjougo' (pochepetsa zochita zathu posonyeza ulemu kwa ena), ndi 'Teineigo' (kalembedwe kamba ka ulemu kothandizidwa ndi 'desu' kapena 'masu'). Wotanthauzira woyenerera ayenera kumvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa wolemba ndi wowerenga kuti asankhe kalembedwe koyenera ka Keigo. Ngati mutamasulira ulemu wa m'Chichewa m'njira yamba kapena yolakwika m'Chijapani, uthenga wanu ukhoza kuoneka ngati wamwano kapena wosonyeza kusaphunzira.
Kalembedwe ndi Matchulidwe a Mayina (Katakana Adaptation)
Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Latin alphabet, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulemba ndi kuwerenga kukhale kosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe a mafoni. Koma Chijapani chili ndi njira zitatu zolembera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi: Hiragana, Katakana, ndi Kanji. Hiragana imagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mawu enieni a Chijapani ndi zigawo za magalamala, pamene Kanji imayimira mawu ndi mfundo zozama zochokera ku Chitchaina. Katakana imagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mawu ochokera ku zilankhulo zina zakunja.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mayina a malo, anthu, komanso zinthu zachikhalidwe cha ku Malawi kapena madera ena olankhula Chichewa ziyenera kulembedwa m'Katakana mukamazitengera m'Chijapani. Mwachitsanzo, dzina la mzinda waukulu wa Lilongwe limasuliridwa ngati 'リロングウェ' (Rironguwe), ndipo dzina la nsomba ya Chambo limalembedwe ngati 'チャンボ' (Chanbo). Cholinga apa ndikufanizira matchulidwe amene alipo mu Chijapani ndi matchulidwe a Chichewa, ngakhale kuti matchulidwe ena a Chichewa alibe ofanana nawo enieni mu Chijapani, monga matchulidwe a mawu ophatikizana kapena kusiyanitsa pakati pa 'l' ndi 'r'.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Joshi (Ma Particles a Chijapani)
Mu Chijapani, ma particles kapena kuti 'Joshi' (monga は wa, が ga, を o, に ni, で de, ndi ena) ndi ofunika kwambiri posonyeza ntchito ya mawu mu chiganizo. Mu Chichewa, ntchito zimenezi zimagwiridwa ndi ma prefix kapena ma preposition (monga pa, ku, ndi, za, kapena mayendedwe a mawu). Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo cha Chichewa chakuti 'Ndikupita ku sukulu' chidzakhalanso 'Gakkou ni ikimasu' (学校に行きます) m'Chijapani, komwe 'ni' ikuyimira 'ku'. Ngati wotanthauzira atagwiritsa ntchito particle yolakwika mu Chijapani, tanthauzo la chiganizo limatha kusintha kotheratu kapena chiganizochi chikhoza kukhala chosamveka kwa olankhula Chijapani. Choncho, kumvetsetsa bwino ntchito ya particle iliyonse ndikofunika kwambiri posinthiritsa mawu.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chijapani
Koti muthe kuchita ntchito yamasulidwe ogwira mtima komanso aluso, nawa malangizo ena omwe muyenera kuwatsatira nthawi zonse:
- Mvetsetsani Nkhani Yonse (Context): Musamasulire mawu m'modzi m'modzi. Werengani ndime yonse m'Chichewa kuti mumvetse uthenga wonse ndi cholinga cha wolemba musanayambe kulemba mu Chijapani.
- Dziwani Wowerenga Wanu (Target Audience): Matchulidwe ndi kalembedwe kazolemba zamalonda, maphunziro, kapena nkhani zapaintaneti zimasiyana kwambiri. Dziwani ngati mukufunikira kugwiritsa ntchito Keigo yovuta kapena kalembedwe kamba.
- Pangani Mndandanda wa Mawu (Glossary): Nthawi zonse pamene mukutanthauzira mayina a mabungwe, malo, kapena mawu amakono, pangani glossary yomwe idzakuthandizeni kuti pakhale kusinthasintha kodalirika mukamasulira nkhani zotsatira.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Eni Chilankhulo (Native Speakers): Mukamaliza kutanthauzira, nthawi zonse n'bwino kupereka ntchito yanu kwa munthu yemwe chilankhulo chake cha amayi ndi Chijapani kuti ayesere kuwerenga ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti chikuyenda bwino komanso chikukwaniritsa miyezo ya Chijapani.
Kufunika kwa Kusintha Mauthenga M'chikhalidwe (Transcreation)
Kutanthauzira mawu kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chijapani sikutanthauza kusamutsa mawu okha, koma ndikusamutsa chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro. Wotanthauzira wabwino ayenera kukhala ngati mlatho pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Kudziwa kusiyana kwa magalamala monga SVO vs SOV, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zilembo za Katakana pa mayina achilendo, komanso kukhwima kwa Keigo mu Chijapani, ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yanu ikhale yapamwamba komanso yodalirika. Pamene ubale wamalonda, maphunziro, ndi zokopa alendo pakati pa mayiko olankhula Chichewa ndi dziko la Japan ukukulirakulira, kufunika kwa otanthauzira aluso komanso odziwa bwino ntchito yawo kudzapitirirabe kukhala kofunika kwambiri m'tsogolo muno.