He Kupu Whakataki ki te Hono i waenga i te Ao Māori me te Ao Nyanja
Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Nyanja (e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te reo Chichewa i ngā whenua o Afirika ki te Tonga, pēnei i Malawi, Zambia, me Mozambique) he haerenga whakamiharo i waenga i ngā ao ahurea e rua he nui ō rāua rerekētanga, heoi anō, he nui hoki ngā tūhonotanga ā-wairua. Ko te reo Māori, he reo nō te whānau Aotironehia (Austronesian), e kawe ana i te wairua o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ko te reo Nyanja, he reo nō te whānau Pantu (Bantu), e mau ana i te mana o te whenua nui o Afirika. Mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo, ehara tēnei i te whakawhiti kupu noa mai i tētahi papakupu ki tētahi atu. He mahi whakahirahira tēnei e tono ana kia hōhonu te mārama ki ngā mātāpono ā-wetereo, ngā pūnaha tohu, me te tirohanga ao o ngā iwi e rua kia puta ai he whakamāoritanga e hāngai ana ki te reo whai.
Ngā Rerekētanga o te Hanganga Rerenga Kōrero: Mai i te VSO ki te SVO
Ko tētahi o ngā wero matua mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo ko te rerekētanga nui o te whakaritenga o ngā kupu i roto i te rerenga kōrero. Ko te reo Māori he reo e whai ana i te hanganga Whakapuaki-Subjeki-Ope (VSO - Verb-Subject-Object). Hei tauira, ki te kīia "Kua kite te tamaiti i te manu," ko te tūmahi ("kite") kei te matua, ka whai mai ko te kaiwhakatutuki ("te tamaiti"), ā, ko te mea i pāngia e te mahi ("te manu") te whakamutunga.
Heoi, ko te reo Nyanja he reo SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), he rite tonu tōna raupapa ki te reo Pākehā. Ko te kaiwhakatutuki te tuatahi, ko te tūmahi te tuarua, ā, ko te mea i pāngia e te mahi te tuatoru. Mena ka whakawhitia taua rerenga kōrero Māori i runga ake nei ki te reo Nyanja, ka penei te hanganga: "Mwana waona mbalame" (Mwana = te tamaiti [S], waona = kua kite [V], mbalame = te manu [O]). Ko te mahi a te kaiwhakawhiti reo he whakahāngai i ēnei hanganga rerekē me te whakarite kia rere pai te reo i te wā o te whakawhitiwhitinga, me te kore e ngaro te aronga o te rerenga kōrero taketake.
Te Pūnaha Kīmua me ngā Rōpū Kupu Ingoa (Noun Classes) o te Reo Nyanja
Kāore he pūnaha rōpū kupu ingoa uaua i roto i te reo Māori, heoi, i te reo Nyanja, koinei tētahi o ngā tino pou wetereo. Kei te reo Nyanja te pūnaha rōpū kupu ingoa (noun classes) e tekau mā waru ngā rōpū rerekē. Ko ia kupu ingoa e whai ana i tētahi kīmua (prefix) e whakaatu ana i tōna rōpū (pēnei i te rōpū tāngata, rōpū kirihou, rōpū kararehe, aha atu). Ko ēnei kīmua te mea e whakatau ana i te hāngaitanga wetereo (concord) ki ngā tūāhua (adjectives), ngā tūtohu (pronouns), me ngā tūmahi (verbs) katoa i roto i te rerenga kōrero.
- Rōpū 1 (kotahi) me te Rōpū 2 (tini): E hāngai ana ki ngā tāngata. Hei tauira, "munthu" (tangata) me te tini "anthu" (tāngata).
- Rōpū 7 me te Rōpū 8: E hāngai ana ki ngā taonga me ngā mea hangarau. Hei tauira, "chinthu" (mea) me te tini "zinthu" (ngā mea).
Ki te whakawhitia he rerenga kōrero Māori pēnei i te "Ko enei rākau nunui," me mōhio te kaiwhakawhiti ki te rōpū kupu ingoa o te kupu "rākau" i te reo Nyanja (ko te kupu "mitengo", kei te rōpū 4). Ko te kupu "nunui" ka huri hei "ikuluikulu", ā, ko te kupu tohu "enei" ka huri hei "iyi", kia puta ai te rerenga "Mitengo iyi ikuluikulu". He pūnaha tēnei e tono ana i te nahanaha me te aro nui ki ngā taipitopito wetereo.
Te Whakawhiti i ngā Kaupapa Ahurea Hōhonu
Ko te tino poupou o te whakawhiti reo ko te whakatakoto tika i ngā kupu ahurea kāore he kupu rite i roto i te reo e whakawhitia atu ana. I te ao Māori, he kupu tapu pēnei i te "mana", "tapu", "kaitiakitanga", me te "whanaungatanga". Waihoki, i te ao Nyanja, he kupu ahurea pēnei i te "Umunthu" (te hononga ā-tangata, te atawhai me te kotahitanga) me te "Chisoni" (te aroha me te tangi tahi ki te tangata e pāngia ana e te mate, e te raru ranei).
Me pēhea te kaiwhakawhiti reo e tōtika ai te kawe i ēnei kupu? Me whai i ngā tūtohu nei:
- Mana: Ka taea te whakawhiti ki te reo Nyanja hei "ulemu" (te whakaute/te tapu) me te "mphamvu" (te kaha/te mana), engari me whakamārama ake ko te mana he mea nō te atua, nō te tūpuna rānei.
- Kaitiakitanga: Ka taea te whakamahi i te kupu "usamalira wa chilengedwe" (te manaaki i te taiao) hei whakaatu i te tikanga o te tiaki whenua.
- Umunthu: Ko te kupu tino rite i te ao Māori ko te "manaakitanga" me te "whanaungatanga", e whakaatu ana i te whakamihi ki te mana o tētahi atu tangata.
Ngā Tohutohu Whaihua mā te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
Hei whakarite i tētahi whakawhiti reo kounga teitei, me whai te kaiwhakawhiti i ēnei matapono matua:
- Whakamahia te Whakahuri Tikanga (Transcreation): Kaua e whakawhiti kupu noa. Rapua te wairua o te rerenga kōrero, ā, hangaia he rerenga kōrero hou i roto i te reo whai e hāngai ana ki tōna ake ahurea.
- Whakarongo ki te Rere o te Reo: I muri i te whakawhiti, pānuihia te reo Nyanja kia kitea ai mehemea he rite tōna rere ki te reo e kōrerotia ana i ia rā e te tangata nōna te reo taketake.
- Arotake Wetereo Rerenga: Whakaritea kia tika te hononga o ngā kīmua (prefixes) i te reo Nyanja kia kore ai e puta he hapa wetereo ka whakatarapī i te kaipānui.
- Whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro ki ngā Mātanga: Me wānanga tahi me ngā tangata e matatau ana ki ngā reo e rua me ō rāua tikanga ahurea kia kore ai e whakahēhia ngā kupu kua kōwhiritia.
Te Pupuri i te Mauri o te Reo hei Ara Hono i te Ao
He taonga te reo Māori, he taonga hoki te reo Nyanja. Ko te whakawhiti reo te piriti e taea ai e ēnei ao e rua te kōrerorero. Mā te aro nui ki te wetereo, ki te ahurea, me te mauri o ngā kupu, ka taea e te kaiwhakawhiti reo te whakarite kia kaua e ngaro te mana o ngā tūpuna i roto i ngā kōrero kua whakawhitia. Ko te matua o tēnei mahi ko te whakaute ki ngā iwi, ki ngā reo, me te wairua taketake e rere ana i roto i ia kupu.