Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni igikorwa gisaba ubushishozi buhanitse, cyane cyane iyo uhindura hagati y'indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose. Ikinyarwanda, ururimi rw'igihugu cy'u Rwanda rwumvwa na miliyoni zirenga cumi n'ebyiri z'abantu, gikomoka mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages). Ku rundi ruhande, Igihausa (Hausa), ururimi ruvugwa na miliyoni zirenga mirongo irindwi muri Nigeria, Niger, n'ibindi bihugu bya Afurika y'Uburengerazuba, gikomoka mu muryango w'indimi za Afroasiatic, by'umwihariko mu itsinda ry'indimi z'Igitsina cy'Igifaransazi n'Igiheburayo (Chadic languages). Kuri ubu, ubu buhinduzi buragenda bukenerwa cyane kubera ubuhahirane, ikoranabuhanga, n'uburyo imiryango itandukanye ishaka guhana amakuru. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira, imbogamizi, n'inama zafasha umuhinduzi wese ushaka gukora ubu buhinduzi mu buryo bw'umwamba.
Imiterere y'Inyandiko n'Interuro: Ikinyarwanda n'Igihausa
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi keza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'interuro mu ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda n'Igihausa byose bikoresha gahunda y'interuro y'ibanze yitwa Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), aho umukozi w'igikorwa abanziriza inshinga, nayo ikabanziriza icyakorewe. Gusa, nubwo iyi gahunda isa, uburyo amagambo yubakwamo n'uburyo ibice by'imvugo bihuzwa biratandukanye cyane.
Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'uruhererekane rw'amajwi n'ingingo (agglutinative language). Inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda ishobora kwakira uduce twinshi (prefixes, infixes, suffixes) tugaragaza umukozi, icyakorewe, igihe, uburyo, n'icyerekezo cy'igikorwa mu ijambo rimwe. Urugero, mu ijambo "ndabigushakira", ufitemo uduce twerekana uwo ari we (n-), igihe (-ra-), icyakorewe (-bi-), uwo gikorerwa (-gu-), inshinga ubwayo (-shak-), n'uburyo bwo gukora (-ira). Ibi bitandukanye cyane n'Igihausa, aho inshinga ubwayo itajya ihinduka cyane, ahubwo igihe n'uburyo bikaba bigaragazwa n'ikinyazina ngenera-bikorwa (pronoun-aspect complex) kibanziriza inshinga. Iki kinyazina kigenda gihindura amajwi n'imyandikire kugira ngo cyerekane niba igikorwa cyararangiye (perfective), kigikorwa (continuous), cyangwa kizakorwa mu gihe kizaza (future).
Udutsiko tw'Amazina (Noun Classes) n'Igitsina cy'Amazina (Grammatical Gender)
Imbogamizi ikomeye mu buhinduzi bw'izi ndimi zombi ifitanye isano n'uburyo amazina ashakirwa mu matsinda. Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanyijemo udutsiko cumi n'umunani (noun classes), hashingiwe ku birango by'amazina (prefixes). Urugero, itsinda rya mbere n'irya kabiri ririmo abantu (umuntu/abantu), irya gatatu n'irya kane rikabamo ibiti n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe (umugano/imigano). Utu dutsiko nitwo tugenga ubwumvikane bw'interuro yose (concordial agreement), aho inshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibihebyi bigomba guhuzwa n'akatsiko k'izina ry'ibanze.
Mu Gihausa, nta dutsiko tw'amazina nk'utwo mu Kinyarwanda tubaho. Ahubwo, Igihausa gikoresha igitsina cy'amazina (grammatical gender): amazina yose agabanyijemo ibitsina bibiri gusa, ari byo igitsina-gabo (masculine) n'igitsina-gore (feminine). Amazina yose y'ikigitsina-gore akunze kurangirira ku ryafata "a" (urugero: mace - umugore, kaza - inkoko), naho amenshi mu y'ikigitsina-gabo akarangirira ku yandi majwi. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda cyane kuko ibitsina mu Gihausa bigena uburyo ibinyazina n'inshinga byitwara mu nteruro. Iyo uhindura izina ry'akatsiko runaka mu Kinyarwanda (nk'izina ry'ikintu kidafite igitsina mu buzima busanzwe, nk'ijambo "intebe"), ugomba kumenya niba mu Gihausa riri mu kigitsina-gabo cyangwa ikigitsina-gore (intebe mu Gihausa ni kujera, rikaba riri mu kigitsina-gore) kugira ngo uduce twose tugenga interuro twandikwe neza.
Amajwi n'Imyandikire y'Indimi Zombi
Ikinyarwanda n'Igihausa byose ni indimi zikoresha amajwi ahinduka (tonal languages). Ibi bikutse ko ijambo rimwe rishobora kwandikwa kimwe ariko ryasomwa mu majwi atandukanye (high tone, low tone, falling tone) rikagira ubusobanuro butandukanye cyane. Mu myandikire y'indimi zombi ya buri munsi ikoresha inyuguti z'Ikilatini (Latin script), aya majwi akunze kutagaragazwa mu nyandiko, ariko umuhinduzi agomba kuyafata nka kimwe mu bigize ubusobanuro nyabwo bw'ijambo mu mivugirwe yaryo.
Igihausa cyo gifite umwihariko w'inyuguti zihariye (hooked letters) nk'izi: ɓ, ɗ, ƙ, ƴ (cyangwa 'y), hamwe na "ɗ" n'izindi zerekana amajwi asohokera mu muhogo cyangwa mu kanyigo (implosives and ejective consonants). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza ibi bimenyetso kuko kubyandika nabi bishobora guhindura ubusobanuro bw'ijambo burundu. Urugero, ijambo bara risobanura "gukwepa", mu gihe ɓara (rikoresheje inyuguti yihariye) risobanura "gutobora" cyangwa "kubaza".
Ubuhinduzi bw'Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo
Umuco ni inkingi ikomeye mu buhinduzi. Ikinyarwanda n'Igihausa bituruka mu mico itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda gishingiye ku muco w'Akarere k'Ibiyaga Bigari, aho ubworozi bw'inka, ubuhinzi, n'imibanire y'abantu bishingiye ku ngero n'imigani myinshi ikoresha inka cyangwa imisozi nk'ikigereranyo. Igihausa cyo gishingiye cyane ku muco wa Afurika y'Uburengerazuba, n'idini rya Islam ryinjiye mu mateka yabo ku buryo rikoresha amagambo menshi y'Igihorabo (Arabic loanwords) mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Iyo umuhinduzi ahuye n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo mu Kinyarwanda, nko gukoresha amagambo nka "kuraguza umutwe" cyangwa "kugira amata ku rurimi", ntashobora kubihindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) kuko mu Gihausa byaba bitumvikana na busa. Agomba gusimbuza izo mvugo n'izindi zikoreshwa mu Gihausa zifite ubusobanuro busa, cyangwa agasobanura igitekerezo nyacyo mu buryo bwumvikana neza nta gutakaza ireme ry'imvugo.
Inama z'Ubwenge ku Bahinduzi
- Gusesengura Ibice by'Imvugo: Banza umenye neza interuro y'Ikinyarwanda, umenye umubano w'amagambo, n'icyo umwanditsi yashakaga kuvuga mbere yo gutangira kwandika mu Gihausa.
- Kwitondera Amagambo y'Igihorabo: Igihausa gikoresha amagambo menshi y'Igihorabo kubera amateka n'idini. Gukoresha amagambo nk'aya bituma inyandiko y'Igihausa isomgika neza kandi ikumvikana nka yo ku bantu bayivuga.
- Gukoresha Ikoranabuhanga ku buryo bw'Ubushishozi: Ibikoresho by'ubuhinduzi bwa mudasobwa bishobora gufasha, ariko kubera ko Ikinyarwanda n'Igihausa bifite imiterere itandukanye cyane n'iy'indimi z'u Burayi (nko mu Cyongereza), ibi bikoresho bikunze gukora amakosa menshi y'imyandikire n'ubwumvikane bw'interuro. Gusubiramo inyandiko n'amaso y'umuntu ni nko gukiza ubuzima bw'inyandiko.
- Gusoma no Kwimenyereza: Soma inyandiko z'indimi zombi, cyane cyane inyandiko z'ubuvanganzo, amakuru, n'amateka kugira ngo wagure amagambo n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo ukoresha.
Mu gusoza, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda jya mu Gihausa ni umwanya mwiza wo guhuza imico n'indimi bitandukanye ariko bifite ubukungu buhanitse. Mu gukurikiza amategeko y'indimi zombi, kumenya imiterere y'amagambo n'inshinga, hamwe no kwitondera imyandikire yihariye n'umuco, umuhinduzi azabasha gutanga umusaruro w'indashyikirwa kandi inyandiko ye yumvikane neza nk'iyanditswe n'umwenyegihugu w'urwo rurimi.